There are many reasons to go anonymous online - preventing tracking from authoritarian regimes in certain countries, maintaining privacy from companies who track online usage, or simply a desire to remain anonymous. Some people want to avoid company or school tracking. These methods will get around web filters or site blockers in most cases, as well as ensure anonymity even with paid content or sites which require identifying information.

Every method outlined below is legal to the best of my knowledge (In the USA) and used to ensure anonymity online. However, use your best judgement when using any method outlined below. These are meant to secure legal activities only, and can often be broken quickly by law enforcement, especially where financial transactions occur. Additionally, some companies may have policies against using these methods while on company equipment. When in doubt, don't.

Note that the financial anonymity methods will not stop the US government from finding you, or people with access to your financial data.

Online Tracking Methods

There are a number of methods websites can use to track online behavior. Knowledge of these methods will help you avoid them over time. These are the methods websites can use to track you.

Technical Tracking Methods

There are three main ways websites can track who you are online:

1. Cookies - files placed on your PC by the website. Usually text files, but sometimes images, flash objects, or other files.
2. IP Address – always transmitted when you surf to a website. Your ISP usually provides one to your modem, and it changes rarely.
3. Browser fingerprint – the configuration settings of your browser are transmitted along with every web request. Items such as version, language, operating system version, plugins installed, fonts installed, etc. Generally this is considered a highly reliable way of tracking users without requiring IP or cookie information.

There are additional ways you can be tracked by your PC directly, and not by the sites you visit.

1. PC History - Someone sitting at your PC can simply view browser history.
2. Spyware - Programs installed, like viruses, keyloggers, or other malicious programs. These can be installed by administrators (work), family members, or viruses online.

Identity Based Tracking Methods

Any website requiring payment or personal information has tracking information by default. Common ways of tracking:

• Email Address
• Shipping Address
• Bank Information
• Credit card information
• Username
• Password

Behavior Based Tracking Methods

Behavior based tracking is the most insidious form of tracking and the hardest to prevent. Thankfully it is also the most difficult to implement effectively.

This tracking depends on analysis of how users interact with the site. Any behavior which you think might indicate a pattern, could be. Some examples:

• How quickly you fill in forms
• What actions you take and in what order
• What time of day or days of the week you login

Behavior which could easily be attributed to many users would not likely be used – for instance, if most people login after work around 5:30 PM. Too many people would do this to make it useful information for tracking. This method is also unlikely to be used across numerous sites, although certain advanced user tracking algorithms could try to detect it if they cross multiple sites (such as Google adsense).

Recommended Practices for Anonymity

Following the steps outlined in this section should allow you to surf anonymously online, and avoid all attempts to track you. Not all of these methods may be needed at any given time, depending on your needs.

Avoiding Technical Tracking

All four forms of technical tracking can be avoided by using online anonymity sources. The one I most highly recommend is Tor. The best way to use this is to download the Tor browser bundle and use the startup program and included browser. It is pre-configured to avoid tracking. Using other tor methods requires additional vigilance (See the warning list of ways misusing tor may result in tracking. In general, if not using the browser bundle, you must be sure to manually clear cookies, history, and plugins manually. I recommend also installing some form of JavaScript blocker such as NoScript.

While using Tor, you can generate new “identities” anytime using the toolbar and clicking new identity.

If you do this without closing the browser, make sure you delete all cookies, as these can persist through new identities. Do this by clicking tools->options, then going to the privacy section, click on show cookies, and remove all cookies.

This will give you a new identity, completely distinct from the old one. Alternately, you can close the browser and restart tor for a new identity with no old cookies. Using this method, you can have multiple anonymous sessions with the same website, or browse from one place to another without fear of having tracking cookies watching you from site to site.

If you only want to avoid someone sitting at your PC from finding out what you have been doing online, simply setting the browser to Private mode should do the trick. This removes history, cookies, and other things which can be easily used to track your activity. This method will not stop servers, proxies, internet service providers, or your own modem from tracking you.

What if TOR is blocked?

Sometimes TOR is blocked and it won't connect. Even the TOR website is blocked. If this is the case, simply send an email to bridges@torproject.org with the subject "get bridges", and it will return new IP's to use. How to set this up can be found on Tor's bridges page. If this is blocked, do a google search and use the view cache function of Google to view it anyway.

Downsides to TOR

TOR is great, but it will slow down your internet connection, sometimes significantly. It also doesn't prevent things like viruses, keyloggers, or other software installed on your machine from spying on you. Finally, it only protects connections via web browser unless you specifically setup other programs to use TOR. As a result, it will not allow you to, say, pirate music and video games anonymously simply by installing it.

Avoiding PC Based Tracking

Tracking from installed spyware programs can be very hard to detect. If you suspect you have something installed on your PC which is used to track online behavior, it is best to re-install your operating system from scratch. This is the only sure way to prevent a program from capturing data about what sites you visit.

For advanced users, a PC can be booted to a static operating system from DVD  or USB drives. I personally use Knoppix for this purpose. Using this method, no data will be saved to the computer hard drive, and any programs loaded onto the normal operating system will not be run using this method, including all viruses, spyware, or other tracking programs.

Avoiding Identity Tracking From Personal Information

Some sites require financial transactions to gain access. If so, you need a service which allows you to create one time use personal and financial information. Shop Shield is my preferred choice for this.

Shop Shield is the least expensive and simplest solution at $4.50/month or $45/year. It generates new Visa credit card numbers on demand for each transaction, and can be used with any address and name. They also generate email addresses for you which will receive e mail automatically for you. Refunds or credits applied to the same card will be correctly applied back to you.

Shop Shield offers a browser plugin, however I recommend not using this with Tor as it could be used to track you by browser fingerprinting. Instead, use the plugin in a separate browser, or log in to the shopshield site directly to generate information.

Full disclosure: I have never used shop shield myself, but I did read multiple reviews and researched many similar products. This product has been endorsed by a group of credit issuers as a secure method of transactions on the internet.

Because ShopShield is linked to your actual identity, US law enforcement can still trace any transactions using ShopShied, though other governments would be less able depending on international and local laws. Unforutnately, it is currently only available in the US. See the appendix for international options.

Avoiding Behavior Tracking

While it is unlikely any given site will apply behavior tracking, it is possible that certain advanced data collection agencies use this method to overcome anonymous web surfing. Following the rules below for manual transactions or automated transactions should severely reduce the likelihood of being tracked through behavior:

1. Vary login times – For instance, if you always login to a site at 6PM on weekdays, force yourself to vary this time to be as random as possible.
2. Vary the order of actions on a site, or the order of sites visited.
3. Avoid “unusual” behavior when possible. If it doesn’t look like what a normal or unsophisticated user might do, try to avoid it if possible.
4. If you use any automated program, vary the time between actions. Automated programs can often be detected because they react faster than humans can, always perform the same sequence of actions, or use a predictable time between actions. Including random times and random actions will reduce the likelihood of being discovered. A common automated program is browser tabbing. If you have 10 tabs which always open when you open your browser ("pinned"), and you always open them at 8:15 on weekdays, then a data collection service on all 10 sites would have a pretty good idea about you - even if you used TOR.
5. Vary information given – usernames, passwords, addresses and any other provided information should not follow a pattern. For instance, if you create an account username1 do not make the next account username11. The shopshield account generator should secure this for you.

Conclusion

Most likely, you do not need to follow every action in this guide religiously. Following the guidelines above will make you nearly impossible to track online, though it also increases the overhead you must manage for each website you visit. For instance, Tor often slows down internet access and knoppix prevents you from getting full use of your PC.

Using some measure of the above will increase anonymity and make you harder to track. Overtime, you can pick and choose which measures work most effectively for you and with each site. I also provide alternates and their pros and cons in the appendix sections. Some of them may make more sense in some scenarios.

Appendix 1: Alternate Technical Anonymity Methods

There are many ways other than Tor. Here are a couple of common ones:

Appendix 2: Alternate Financial Anonymity Methods

Anonymous Credit Cards

Other Anonymous card providers / methods

• Purchase in person, for cash (Visa/Amex/Mastercard) from local stores (gift cards) – fee ranges from US $3-5 depending on amount. I believe $100 cards are the largest.
• Proxy Services offers prepaid online virtual cards. Service fees are significantly higher than ShopShield, from US$15-35. These are basically a virtual version of the prepaid cards above, with higher fees and the same drawbacks.
• Entropay, which is similar to shopsafe and seems to be open for countries outside the US.
• Discover card has a good service, but it requires owning a Discover credit card.
• Citibank offers a virtual mastercard option, when you have an account with them.